The defect chemistry of metal oxides is a unique introduction to the equilibrium chemistry of solid inorganic compounds with a focus on metal oxides. Nonstoichiometry, diffusion, and electrical conductivity in binary metal oxides bibliographic information language. Nonstoichiometry, diffusion and electrical conductivity in binary metal oxides, per kofstad, wiley 2. Imprint new york, wileyinterscience 1972 physical description. Nickel vacancy behavior in electrical conductance is systematically investigated using various analysis methods on nickel oxide films deposited at different oxygen partial pressures. Electrical conductivity and defect structure of lithiumdoped. The activation energy of sulfidation increases with. Nonstoichiometric compounds are chemical compounds, almost always solid inorganic compounds, having elemental composition whose proportions cannot be represented by a ratio of small natural numbers. The dependence of dcr on ao 2 is consistent with diffusion by vacancies at high ao 2 and by interstitials at low ao 2. Six lithography masks were prepared to develop the sensor fabrication process for arsenic ion implantation and diffusion, gate insulation layer sio2, gate metal, metal interconnection, passivation layer and bulk micromachining patterns.
Rules for structure formation in oxides ionic solids 1 3. Buy nonstoichiometry, diffusion, and electrical conductivity in binary metal oxides by per kofstad isbn. The electrical conductivity of sintered samples of lithiumdoped magnesium oxide has been studied at various temperatures oxygen partial pressures. Nonstoichiometry diffusion and electrical conductivity in binary metal oxided wileyinterscience, new york. Diffusion of anions and cations in oxide crystal lattices during the reduction and oxidation of metals.
Nonstoichiometry, diffusion, and electrical conductivity in binary metal oxides wiley series on the science and technology of materials kofstad, per on. Mof can effectively fix the polysulfide into the cathode structure with. An alloy is a combination of metals or metals combined with one or more other elements. Oct 01, 2006 nonstoichiometry in oxides and its control nonstoichiometry in oxides and its control karen, pavel 20061001 00. Nonstoichiometry, diffusion and electrical conductivity in binary metal oxides p kofstad in. Design of ternary alkalineearth metal snii oxides with potential good ptype conductivityyuwei li a, david j. In semiconducting and insulating oxides, the existence of alternative oxidation states for the host cation is the major criterion for determining the level of electronic conductivity. Nonstoichiometry, diffusion, and electrical conductivity in binary metal oxides. It was investigated between 250 and 500 c for 10150 nm thick films. The effect of stoichiometry on the structural, thermal and electronic. Nowotny j ed diffusion in solids and high temperature oxidation of metals. The nonstoichiometry of samples was then studied chemically by iodometric.
Chemical on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. Measurements of 18 o self diffusion in hematite fe 2 o 3 natural single crystals have been carried out as a function of temperature at constant partial pressure a o 2 6. Based on the study of the present author and coinvestigators, the relationships between the nonstoichiometry, electrical properties and diffusion of the perovskitetype. Nonstoichiometry, diffusion, and electrical conductivity in binary metal oxides asked in electronics engineering how do you say zno is n type semiconductor. Diffusion of oxygen in ceria at elevated temperatures and its. In order to elucidate the correlations between composition, structure and electrical properties of a hight c superconductor baycuo system, thermogravimetric measurement and chemical analysis of oxygen nonstoichiometry were made at a temperature range of 350 to c and under the oxygen partial pressure of 104 to 1 atm. Sulfidation of iron at high temperatures and diffusion.
Diffusion as a thermally activated process 193 types of diffusion coefficients 195 diffusion in lightlydoped nacl 201 diffusion in a highly stoichiometric oxide. On the defect structure in nonstoichiometric metal oxides. Nonstoichiometry and chemical diffusion in co3o4 cobalt oxide. Here, we investigate the solidstate reduction and oxidation of sintered nonstoichiometric ceria at elevated. Diffusion of 51cr tracer in cr2o3 and the growth of cr2o3. Oxidation activation energy of titanium alloy based on. Imprint new york, wileyinterscience 1972 physical description xi, 382 p. Search for library items search for lists search for contacts search for a library.
Nickel vacancy behavior in the electrical conductance of. Defects and transport properties of metal oxides springerlink. Electronic and ionic conductivity in metal oxides kazimierz conder laboratory for developments and. Nonstoichiometry, diffusion, and electrical conductivity. It has been found that at very low oxygen pressures, close to the dissociation pressure of the oxide, interstitial cations and quasifree electrons are the predominant point defects, while at high pressures. Nonstoichiometry, diffusion, and electrical conductivity in binary metal oxides 1972 kofstad, per. The results showed that the oxidation kinetics of the alloy followed the parabolic rate law at t. Electrical conductivity introduction in the preceding chapter we have described and discussed diffusion of particles in solids and particularly of ions and defects in metal oxides. Design of ternary alkalineearth metal sn ii oxides with. Diffusion and electrical conductivity in binary metal.
Determination of reaction and oxygen diffusion rates at elevated temperatures is essential for modeling, design, and optimization of hightemperature solar thermochemical fuel production processes, but such data for stateoftheart redox materials, such as ceria, is sparse. Authored graduatelevel texts on general aspects of solid. Nonstoichiometry, diffusion, and electrical conductivity in binary metal oxides, wiley. Kofstadnonstoichiometry, diffusion and electrical conductivity in binary metal oxides. Nonstoichiometry and chemical diffusion in co3o4 cobalt. A family of oxide ion conductors based on the ferroelectric. The diffusion of vacancies to the crystal surface is the main reason. Nov 10, 20 oxide ion conductors are technologically relevant for applications in electrochemical devices such as sensors, separation membranes and fuel cells. Kofstad, nonstoichiometry, diffusion and electrical. Some knowledge of the chemistry of the metallic elements is thus very useful for the development of an overall view of the properties of such materials. Nonstoichiometry, diffusion, and electrical conductivity in binary metal oxides, john. This model was easily applied to transition metal oxides exhibiting a variable. For example, combining the metallic elements gold and copper produces red gold, gold and silver becomes white gold, and silver combined with copper produces sterling silver. Nonstoichiometry and chemical diffusion in co3o4 oxide have been studied as a function of temperature 9731173 k and oxygen pressure 30105 pa, using thermogravimetric techniques.
The relation of these results to the similar nonstoichiometries found in bulk feo is discussed. Accessible to students with little or no background in defect chemistry, it explains how to apply basic principles and interpret the related behavior of materials. Once this framework is established, students will then be exposed to fundamentals and specific cases of linear dielectric as well as ferroics such ferroelectrics and ferromagnetic ceramics. Nonstoichiometry, diffusion and electrical conductivity in binary metal oxides by per kofstad and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at. The effects of water vapour and carbon dioxide were also studied. Nonstoichiometry, diffusion, and electrical conductivity in binary. Nonstoichiometry, diffusion and electrical conductivity in binary metal oxides, wiley interscience publication, 2003. Electrical conductivity conductivity of metals decreases with temperature. The results of rutherford backscattering, xray diffraction, and auger electron spectroscopy analyses demonstrate that the sputtered nickel oxide films are nickel.
Abinitio structure determination of lisbwo 6 by xray powder diffraction, mater. Isothermal change in electrical conductivity of nickel oxide shows that the. The subsequent chapters examine the transport properties, such as diffusion and electrical conductivity. Nonstoichiometry, diffusion, and electrical properties of perovskitetype oxide electrode materials. Nonstoichiometry of the iron oxide clusters is found, the composition rapidly approaching fe0.
Read comparison of the water effect on the resistance of different semiconducting metal oxides, sensors and actuators b. Dc electrical resistivity is one of the useful characteriza tion techniques to understand conductivity mechanism. The driving force for the diffusion has been taken to be the negative value of the particle. Pdf diffusion of anions and cations in oxide crystal lattices. The composition of a nonstoichiometric compound usually varies in a continuous manner over a narrow range. Recently, metal organic frameworks mofs and their derivatives have been applied in sulfur cathodes owing to moderate electrical conductivity, unique porous structures, high specific surface areas and good chemical adsorption of lips.
It has been found that at very low oxygen pressures, close to the dissociation pressure of the oxide, interstitial cations and quasifree electrons are the. Kofstad, nonstoichiometry, diffusion and electrical conductivity in binary metal oxides wiley. Kofstad, nonstoichiometry, diffusion and electrical conductivity in binary metal oxides. Compression, nonstoichiometry and bulk viscosity of. Mixed conduction in oxidesa survey references 7 structure, defects, and nonstoichiometry in oxides. Read a method to investigate oxide ionic transport for materials with high electronic conductivity, solid state ionics on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. Hightemperature electrical conductivity and electro. Nonstoichiometry, diffusion and electrical conductivity in binary metal oxides. Authored graduatelevel texts on general aspects of solid state diffusion. Hightemperature electrical conductivity and electro mechanical properties of stoichiometric lithium niobate g. Applied catalysis, 71 1991 89102 89 elsevier science publishers b. It is shown that the diffusion of cations and anions in lattice of oxides fe3o4, fe3o3, zro2, cao occurs upon reduction and. Nonstoichiometry, diffusion and electrical conductivity in.
Pages can include considerable notesin pen or highlighterbut the notes cannot obscure the text. In 1972 per kofstad published his nonstoichiometry, diffusion and electrical conductivity in binary metal oxides. Nonstoichiometry, diffusion and electrical conductivity in binary metal oxides 382. Relationship between the diffusion coefficients and ionic conductivity in this paper, oxide ion diffusion and oxide ion conductivity are summarized in terms of the vacancy diffusion coefficient, d, because the defect concentration is in most cases smaller than that of the lattice ions, d, is only weakly affected by the defect concentration. If the inline pdf is not rendering correctly, you can download the pdf file here. Development of electrically conductive plasma sprayed. Nonstoichiometry, diffusion, and electrical properties of. Design of ternary alkalineearth metal sn ii oxides. The oxidation behavior of y56al24co20 bulk metallic glass containing 4. Development of atmospheric plasma sprayed dielectric ceramic coatings for high efficiency tubular ozone generators.
Kofstad, nonstoichiometry, diffusion and electrical conductivity in binary metal oxides, wileyinterscience, new york, 1972. Nonstoichiometry, diffusion and electrical conductivity in binary metal oxides wiley, new york, 1972. Kofstad, nonstoichiometry, diffusion, and electrical conductivity in binary metal oxides, wiley, new. Determination of oxygen nonstoichiometry in a hightc. Nonstoichiometry, diffusion, and electrical conductivity in binary metal oxides per kofstad published in 1972 in new york ny by wileyinterscience services. Nonstoichiometry and chemical diffusion in co 3 o 4 oxide have been studied as a function of temperature 9731173 k and oxygen pressure 3010 5 pa, using thermogravimetric techniques. Rietveld refinement of ybcoo3 prepared from aqueous solution. The tracer self diffusion coefficient of cr in cr 2 o 3 single crystals has been measured at temperatures of 1100 and 0c and for oxygen activities ranging from the crcr 2 o 3 equilibrium to air. The dc resistivity of the samples is estimated by two probe method. This will be followed by a treatment of defect diffusion and ionic conductivity in electronic ceramics. Even for the thinnest films, oxidation was found to be diffusion controlled.
Equations derived by wagner for metal diffusion through ptype ternary oxide scales under chemicalactivity gradients are shown to lead to a description of the scaling kinetics of several iron, nickel, and cobaltbase binary alloys. Electroceramics video course metallurgy and material. The driving force for the diffusion has been taken to be the negative value of the particle gradient or more precisely the negative value of. Nonstoichiometry, diffusion, and electrical conductivity in binary metal oxides asked in authors, poets, and playwrights what has the author a n berezhnoi written.
The kinetics and mechanism of iron sulfidation have been studied as a function of temperature 9501200 k and sulfur pressure 10. Series wiley series on the science and technology of materials. Kofstad,nonstoichiometry, diffusion, and electrical conductivity in binary metal oxides wileyinterscience, new york, 1972. Electrical properties and defect chemistry of anatase tio2. Wiley series on the science and technology of materials. Diffusion theories and experimental diffusion coefficients for several systems, as well as the electrical properties of the highly defective ionic and mixed oxide conductor, are specifically tackled in these chapters.
The oxidation kinetics of thin nickel films between 250 and. Singh b, maohua du c, qiaoling xu d, lijun zhang ad, weitao zheng d and yanming ma a a state key laboratory of superhard materials, jilin university, changchun 012, china. The present paper reports the electrical conductivity of polycrystalline undoped catio3 in the temperature range 97323 k under controlled oxygen partial pressure 10105 pa. Design of ternary alkalineearth metal snii oxides with potential good ptype conductivity yuwei li a, david j.
Nonstoichiometry, diffusion, and electrical conductivity in. Topics discussed include lattice and electronic defects, doping effects. Nonstoichiometry, diffusion and electrical conductivity in binary metal oxides by per kofstad. Nonstoichiometry, diffusion, and electrical conductivity in binary metal oxides per kofstad home.
Rules for structure formation in oxidesionic solids 1 3. Cu is one of the most commonly used metals for interconnections in. Structural and electrical conductivity studies in nickelzinc. Molecular beams of oxidized iron clusters are produced by pulsed laser evaporation of iron followed by reaction of the resulting iron clusters with o2 in a continuous flow reactor.
Nonstoichiometry in oxides and its control, journal of solid. Elemental iron, combined with nonmetallic carbon or silicon, produces alloys called steel or silicon steel. The oxidation kinetics of thin polycrystalline ni films is of fundamental interest as well as being relevant for potential applications. Listorage via heterogeneous reaction in selected binary. Diffusional growth of oxide scales on binary alloys. A maximum of electrical conductivity would appear for prol. A constant voltage was applied across the series combination of sample holder containing sample. Titanium dioxide tio2 is one of the most important binary oxides for. Measurements of 18 o selfdiffusion in hematite fe 2 o 3 natural single crystals have been carried out as a function of temperature at constant partial pressure a o 2 6. Nonstoichiometry, diffusion, and electrical conductivity in binary metal oxides wiley series on the science and technology of materials. We report on electrochemical reactions of a variety of metal fluorides metal oxides tio, nbo, and tin with lithium in nonaqueous lithium cells over a wide voltage range 0.
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